Shmuel Bialy, Abraham Loeb

'Oumuamua (1I/2017 U1) is the first object of interstellar origin observed in the Solar system. Recently, Micheli et al. (2018) reported that 'Oumuamua showed deviations from a Keplerian orbit at a high statistical significance. The observed trajectory is best explained by an excess radial acceleration $\Delta a \propto r^{-2}$, where $r$ is the distance of 'Oumuamua from the Sun. Such an acceleration is naturally expected for comets, driven by the evaporating material. However, recent observational and theoretical studies imply that 'Oumuamua is not an active comet. We explore the possibility that the excess acceleration results from Solar radiation pressure. The required mass-to-area ratio is $m/A\approx 0.1$ g cm$^{-2}$. For a thin sheet, this requires a width of $w \approx 0.3-0.9$ mm. We find that although extremely thin, such an object would survive an interstellar travel over Galactic distances of $\sim 5$ kpc , withstanding collisions with gas and dust-grains as well as stresses from rotation and tidal forces. We discuss the possible origins of such an object including the possibility that it might be a lightsail of artificial origin. Our general results apply to any light probes designed for interstellar travel.

Pengfei Li, Federico Lelli, Stacy S. McGaugh, Nathaniel Starkman, James M. Schombert

We study the scaling relations between dark matter (DM) haloes and galaxy discs using 175 galaxies from the SPARC database. We explore two cosmologically motivated DM halo profiles: the Einasto profile from DM-only simulations and the DC14 profile from hydrodynamic simulations. We fit the observed rotation curves using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method and break the disc-halo degeneracy using near-infrared photometry and $\Lambda$CDM-motivated priors. We find that the characteristic volume density $\rho_{\rm s}$ of DM haloes is nearly constant over $\sim$5 decades in galaxy luminosity. The scale radius $r_s$ and the characteristic surface density $\rho_s\cdot r_s$, instead, correlate with galaxy luminosity. These scaling relations provide an empirical benchmark to cosmological simulations of galaxy formation.

Eric Steinbring

Viewing two sources at sufficient distance and angular separation can assure, by light-travel-time arguments, the acausality of their emitted photons. Using these photons to set different apparatus parameters in a laboratory-based quantum-mechanical experiment could ensure those settings are independent too, allowing a decisive, loophole-free test of Bell's inequality. Quasars are a natural choice for such objects, as they are visible up to high redshift and pointlike. Yet applying them at the ultimate limit of the technique involves flux measurements in opposite directions on the sky. This presents a challenge to proving randomness against either noise or an underlying signal. By means of a "virtual" experiment and simple signal-to-noise calculations, bias in ground-based optical photometry while performing an Earth-wide test is explored, imposed by fluctuating sky conditions and instrumental errors including photometric zeropoints. Analysis for one useful dataset from the Gemini 8-meter telescopes is presented, using over 14 years of archival images obtained with their Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) instrument pair, serendipitously sampling thousands of quasars up to 180 degrees apart. These do show correlation: an average pairwise broadband optical flux difference intriguingly consistent with the form of Bell's inequality. That is interesting in itself, if not also a harm to experimental setting independence; some considerations for future observations are discussed.

Eric V. Linder

A subclass of the Horndeski modified gravity theory we call No Slip Gravity has particularly interesting properties: 1) a speed of gravitational wave propagation equal to the speed of light, 2) equality between the effective gravitational coupling strengths to matter and light, $G_{\rm matter}$ and $G_{\rm light}$, hence no slip between the metric potentials, yet difference from Newton's constant, and 3) suppressed growth to give better agreement with galaxy clustering observations. We explore the characteristics and implications of this theory, and project observational constraints. We also give a simple expression for the ratio of the gravitational wave standard siren distance to the photon standard candle distance, in this theory and others, and enable a direct comparison of modified gravity in structure growth and in gravitational waves, an important crosscheck.

LIGO Scientific Collaboration, B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adams, T. Adams, P. Addesso, R. X. Adhikari, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, B. Agarwal, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, B. Allen, G. Allen, A. Allocca, M. A. Aloy, P. A. Altin, A. Amato, A. Ananyeva, S. B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, S. V. Angelova, S. Antier, S. Appert, K. Arai, M. C. Araya, J. S. Areeda, M. Arène, N. Arnaud, K. G. Arun, S. Ascenzi, G. Ashton, M. Ast, S. M. Aston, P. Astone, D. V. Atallah, F. Aubin, P. Aufmuth, C. Aulbert, K. AultONeal, C. Austin, A. Avila-Alvarez, S. Babak, P. Bacon, F. Badaracco, M. K. M. Bader, S. Bae, P. T. Baker, F. Baldaccini, G. Ballardin, S. W. Ballmer, S. Banagiri, J. C. Barayoga, et al. (1087 additional authors not shown)

The recent discovery by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo of a gravitational wave signal from a binary neutron star inspiral has enabled tests of general relativity (GR) with this new type of source. This source, for the first time, permits tests of strong-field dynamics of compact binaries in presence of matter. In this paper, we place constraints on the dipole radiation and possible deviations from GR in the post-Newtonian coefficients that govern the inspiral regime. Bounds on modified dispersion of gravitational waves are obtained; in combination with information from the observed electromagnetic counterpart we can also constrain effects due to large extra dimensions. Finally, the polarization content of the gravitational wave signal is studied. The results of all tests performed here show good agreement with GR.

Anne-Sylvie Deutsch, Emanuela Dimastrogiovanni, Matteo Fasiello, Matthew C. Johnson, Moritz Münchmeyer

The detection and characterization of primordial gravitational waves through their impact on the polarization anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is a primary science goal of current and future observations of the CMB. An ancillary dataset that will become accessible with the great leaps in sensitivity of CMB experiments is the polarized Sunyaev Zel'dovich (pSZ) effect, small-scale CMB polarization anisotropies induced by scattering from free electrons in the post-reionization Universe. The cross correlation of the pSZ effect with galaxy surveys, a technique known as pSZ tomography, can be used to reconstruct the remote quadrupole field: the CMB quadrupole observed from different locations in the Universe. Primordial gravitational waves leave a distinct imprint on the remote quadrupole field, making pSZ tomography a potential new method to characterize their properties. Building on previous work, we explore the utility of the full set of correlations between the primary CMB and the reconstructed remote quadrupole field to both provide exclusion limits on the amplitude of primordial gravitational waves, as well as to provide constraints on several phenomenological models of the tensor sector: axion gauge field inflation, general models with chiral tensors, and models with modified late-time decay of tensors. We find that relatively futuristic experimental requirements are necessary to provide competitive exclusion limits compared with the primary CMB. However, pSZ tomography can be a powerful probe of the late-time evolution of tensors and, through cross-correlations with the primary CMB, can provide mild improvements on parameter constraints in various models with chiral primordial gravitational waves.

Daniel Harlow, Hirosi Ooguri

In this letter we use the Anti-de Sitter/Conformal Field Theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence to establish a set of old conjectures about symmetries in quantum gravity. These are that no global symmetries are possible, that internal gauge symmetries must come with dynamical objects that transform in all irreducible representations, and that internal gauge groups must be compact. These conjectures are not obviously true from a bulk perspective, they are nontrivial consequences of the non-perturbative consistency of the correspondence. More details of and background for these arguments are presented in an accompanying paper.