Demitri Muna, Michael Alexander, Alice Allen, Richard Ashley, Daniel Asmus, Ruyman Azzollini, Michele Bannister, Rachael Beaton, Andrew Benson, G. Bruce Berriman, Maciej Bilicki, Peter Boyce, Joanna Bridge, Jan Cami, Eryn Cangi, Xian Chen, Nicholas Christiny, Christopher Clark, Michelle Collins, Johan Comparat, Neil Cook, Darren Croton, Isak Delberth Davids, Éric Depagne, John Donor, Leonardo A. dos Santos, Stephanie Douglas, Alan Du, Meredith Durbin, Dawn Erb, Daniel Faes, J. G. Fernández-Trincado, Anthony Foley, Sotiria Fotopoulou, Søren Frimann, Peter Frinchaboy, Rafael Garcia-Dias, Artur Gawryszczak, Elizabeth George, Sebastian Gonzalez, Karl Gordon, Nicholas Gorgone, Catherine Gosmeyer, Katie Grasha, Perry Greenfield, Rebekka Grellmann, James Guillochon, Mark Gurwell, et al. (106 additional authors not shown)

The Astropy Project (this http URL) is, in its own words, "a community effort to develop a single core package for Astronomy in Python and foster interoperability between Python astronomy packages." For five years this project has been managed, written, and operated as a grassroots, self-organized, almost entirely volunteer effort while the software is used by the majority of the astronomical community. Despite this, the project has always been and remains to this day effectively unfunded. Further, contributors receive little or no formal recognition for creating and supporting what is now critical software. This paper explores the problem in detail, outlines possible solutions to correct this, and presents a few suggestions on how to address the sustainability of general purpose astronomical software.

Andrei G. Lebed

Recently, we have suggested some semi-quantitative Hamiltonian for an electron in a hydrogen atom in a weak gravitational field, which takes into account quantum effects of electron motion in the atom. We have shown that this Hamiltonian predicts breakdown of the equivalence between passive electron gravitational mass and its energy. Moreover, as has been shown by us, the latter phenomenon can be experimentally observed as unusual emission of radiation from an ensemble of the atoms, provided that they are moved in the Earth's gravitational field with constant velocity by some spacecraft. In this article, we derive the above-mentioned Hamiltonian from the Dirac equation in a curved spacetime. It is shown that it exactly coincides with the semi-quantitative Hamiltonian, used in our previous papers. We extend the obtained Hamiltonian to the case of a spacecraft, containing a macroscopic ensemble of the atoms and moving with a constant velocity in the Earth's gravitational field. On this basis, we discuss some idealized and realistic experiments on the Earth's orbit. If such (realistic) experiment is done, it will be the first direct observation of quantum effects in the General Relativity.

Kyle W. Willett, Melanie A. Galloway, Steven P. Bamford, Chris J. Lintott, Karen L. Masters, Claudia Scarlata, B.D. Simmons, Melanie Beck, Carolin N. Cardamone, Edmond Cheung, Edward M. Edmondson, Lucy F. Fortson, Roger L. Griffith, Boris Haeussler, Anna Han, Ross Hart, Thomas Melvin, Michael Parrish, Kevin Schawinski, R.J. Smethurst, Arfon M. Smith

We present the data release paper for the Galaxy Zoo: Hubble (GZH) project. This is the third phase in a large effort to measure reliable, detailed morphologies of galaxies by using crowdsourced visual classifications of colour composite images. Images in GZH were selected from various publicly-released Hubble Space Telescope Legacy programs conducted with the Advanced Camera for Surveys, with filters that probe the rest- frame optical emission from galaxies out to z ~ 1. The bulk of the sample is selected to have $m_{I814W} < 23.5$,but goes as faint as $m_{I814W} < 26.8$ for deep images combined over 5 epochs. The median redshift of the combined samples is $z = 0.9 \pm 0.6$, with a tail extending out to z ~ 4. The GZH morphological data include measurements of both bulge- and disk-dominated galaxies, details on spiral disk structure that relate to the Hubble type, bar identification, and numerous measurements of clump identification and geometry. This paper also describes a new method for calibrating morphologies for galaxies of different luminosities and at different redshifts by using artificially-redshifted galaxy images as a baseline. The GZH catalogue contains both raw and calibrated morphological vote fractions for 119,849 galaxies, providing the largest dataset to date suitable for large-scale studies of galaxy evolution out to z ~ 1.

Emory F. Bunn, Benjamin Wandelt

In order to draw scientific conclusions from observations of cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization, it is necessary to separate the contributions of the E and B components of the data. For data with incomplete sky coverage, there are ambiguous modes, which can be sourced by either E or B signals. Techniques exist for producing "pure" E and B maps, which are guaranteed to be free of cross-contamination, although the standard method, which involves constructing an eigenbasis, has a high computational cost. We show that such pure maps can be thought of as resulting from the application of a Wiener filter to the data. This perspective leads to far more efficient methods of producing pure maps. Moreover, by expressing the idea of purification in the general framework of Wiener filtering (i.e., maximization of a posterior probability), it leads to a variety of generalizations of the notion of pure E and B maps, e.g., accounting for noise or other contaminants in the data as well as correlations with temperature anisotropy.

Obinna Umeh, Sheean Jolicoeur, Roy Maartens, Chris Clarkson

Next-generation galaxy surveys will increasingly rely on the galaxy bispectrum to improve cosmological constraints, especially on primordial non-Gaussianity. A key theoretical requirement that remains to be developed is the analysis of general relativistic effects on the bispectrum, which arise from observing galaxies on the past lightcone. Here we compute for the first time all the local relativistic corrections to the bispectrum, from Doppler, gravitational potential and higher-order effects. For the galaxy bispectrum, the problem is much more complex than for the power spectrum, since we need the lightcone corrections at second order. Mode-coupling contributions at second order mean that relativistic corrections can be non-negligible at smaller scales than in the case of the power spectrum. In a primordial Gaussian universe, we show that the relativistic bispectrum for a moderately squeezed shape can differ from the Newtonian prediction by $\sim 30\%$ when the short modes are at the equality scale. For the equilateral shape, the difference is $\sim 20\%$ at gigaparsec scales. The relativistic corrections, if ignored in the analysis of observations, could therefore easily be mistaken for primordial non-Gaussianity. We conclude that for upcoming surveys which probe equality scales and beyond, these new relativistic signatures must be included for an accurate measurement of primordial non-Gaussianity.

A. Emir Gumrukcuoglu, Kazuya Koyama, Shinji Mukohyama

The extended quasidilaton theory is one of the simplest Lorentz-invariant massive gravity theories which can accommodate a stable self-accelerating vacuum solution. In this paper we revisit this theory and study the effect of matter fields. For a matter sector that couples minimally to the physical metric, we find hints of a Jeans type instability in the IR. In the analogue k-essence field set-up, this instability manifests itself as an IR ghost for the scalar field perturbation, but this can be interpreted as a classical instability that becomes relevant below some momentum scale in terms of matter density perturbations. We also consider the effect of the background evolution influenced by matter on the stability of the gravity sector perturbations. In particular, we address the previous claims of ghost instability in the IR around the late time attractor. We show that, although the matter-induced modification of the evolution potentially brings tension to the stability conditions, one goes beyond the regime of validity of the effective theory well before the solutions become unstable. We also draw attention to the fact that the IR stability conditions are also enforced by the existence requirements of consistent background solutions.